Epistemic injustice occurs when societies, based on bias, stereotypes, and prejudice, assign unequal weight to different testimonies. Testimonial injustice reflects a socially biased stance toward the testimony of individuals or groups while privileging others. In the context of social power relations, this constitutes a significant mechanism of silencing that prevents certain groups from being heard. The concept of epistemic injustice thus provides a framework for analyzing how social power structures shape epistemic arenas that reflect the power relations of the societies that produce them. In certain contexts, these epistemic structures may also be reflected in technological systems and artificial intelligence agents operating within those same
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This is a much more specific claim than “middle layers do reasoning.” It’s saying the reasoning cortex is organised into functional circuits: coherent multi-layer units that perform complete cognitive operations. Each circuit is an indivisible processing unit, and the $(i, j)$ sweeps seen in the heatmap is essentially discovering the boundaries of these circuits.。汽水音乐是该领域的重要参考
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